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Neurotronics was incorporated in 1971 by Dr. Jack R. Smith for the purpose of delivering customized research tools for quantitative sleep analysis. Much of the early development was based on research carried out at the University of Florida, where Dr. Smith was a Professor of Electrical Engineering. The research was often in collaboration with sleep research pioneers Dr. Ismet Karacan and Dr. Wilse B. Webb. This work led to the development of the Polysmith software package, for the acquisition, display and analysis of polysomnography data. In 1995 Neurotronics began the worldwide sales of Polysmith, with Nihon Kohden as the sole distributor in the United States.

Today Neurotronics continues the worldwide sales of Polysmith software and has added the Sphinx amplifier for data acquisition and the Echo for system calibration and evaluation. Dr. Smith serves as chairman of the corporation and remains actively involved in the development of PSG products.

Federal Grant Research

Neurotronics has received federal grants for research projects.  These grants have been instrumental in creating new products that have added value to our organization. 

  • 1995 - Computer Aided Cardiopulmonary Sleep Studies (Phase I)
  • 1996 - Portable EEG and Polysomnography (Phase I)
  • 1997/1998 - Computer Aided Cardiopulmonary Sleep Studies (Phase II)
  • 2002 - Time Domain Description of Polysomnography Data (Phase I)
  • 2003 - Pediatric Polysomnography (Phase I)
  • 2003 - Extensible System for Disseminating Polysomnography Data (Phase I)
  • 2004/2005 - Time Domain Description of Polysomnography Data (Phase II)
  • 2005/2006 - Pediatric Polysomnography (Phase II)
  • 2008/2009 - Extensible System for Disseminating Polysomnography Data (Phase II)

Technical Papers

 Validation Studies

Publications

Much of the research for the analysis techniques, now included in Polysmith™, was carried while Dr. Smith was a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Psychiatry at the University of Florida.  A list of publications resulting from this research can be found below. 

  1. Smith, J.R., Negin, M., and Nevis, A.H., "Electroencephalographic Sleep Analysis by Hybrid Computer (SAHC)," in Neuroelectric Research. Reynolds and Sjoberg, (Eds), Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 1971: 353-366.
  2. Smith, J.R., Negin, M., and Nevis, A.H., "Automatic Analysis of the Electroencephalogram by Hybrid Computation," IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics 1969: 278283.
  3. Smith, J.R. and Bullock, T.E., "Sleep Analysis by Hybrid Computation," Transactions Analog/Hybrid Computer Educational Society III 1971: 8590.
  4. Howell, G.L. and Smith, J.R., "Design of an EEG Event Filter Using Gyrators," Proceedings 1970 Southeastern Symposium on System Theory G3 1970: 110.
  5. Bremer, G.F., Smith, J.R., and Karacan, I., "Detection of the Kcomplex in Electroencephalograms," IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Engr, 17 1970: 314323.
  6. Smith, J.R. and Karacan, I., "EEG Sleep Stage Scoring by an Automatic Hybrid System," Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol, 31 1971: 321237.
  7. Smith, J.R., Cronin, M.J., and Karacan, I., "A Multichannel Hybrid System for Rapid Eye Movement Detection (REM Detection)," Computers and Biomedical Research 4 1971: 275290.
  8. Yeo, W.C. and Smith, J.R., "Walsh Power Spectra of Human Electroencephalograms," Proceedings IEEE Symposium on Applications of Walsh Functions 1972: 159163.
  9. Smith, J.R. and Karacan, I., "Quantification of the Effect of a Hypnoticlike Drug on Slow Wave Sleep," in W. P. Koella and P. Levin (Eds), Sleep Physiology, Biochemistry, Psychology, Pharmacology, Clinical Implications. Proceedings of the First European Congress on Sleep Research Basel, Oct. 36, 1972. S. Karger, Basel, 1973: 504508.
  10. Smith, J.R. and Keane, B., "A Method for Measuring Beta Activity in the EEG," Proceedings 26th Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology 1973: 399.
  11. Gondeck, A.R. and Smith, J.R., "Dynamics of Human Sleep Sigma Spindles, " Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 3 1974: 293297.
  12. Su, S.Y.M. and Smith, J.R., "Micro and Macro Analysis of Sleep Data using Hybrid and Digital Computers," Computers and Biomedical Research 7 1975: 432448.
  13. Smith, J.R., Funke, W.F., Yeo, W.C., and Ambuehl, R.A., "Detection of Human Sleep Waveforms," Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol 38 1975: 435437.
  14. Degler, H.E. Jr., Smith, J.R., and Black, F.O., "Automatic Detection and Resolution of Synchronous Rapid Eye Movements," Computers and Biomedical Research 1975: 393404.
  15. Smith, J.R.,"EEG Analysis with Hybrid Computers," in Behavior and Brain Electrical Activity N. Burch and A. H. Altshuler (Eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1975: 207219.
  16. Ktonas, P.Y. and Smith, J.R., "Semiautomatic Analysis of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Pattern's A Software Package," Computers and Biomedical Research 9 1976: 109124.
  17. Smith, J.R., Karacan, I., Keane, B., and Yang, M., "Automated Sleep EEG Analysis Applied to the Evaluation of Drugs: Illustrations by Sleep EEG Study of Clorazepate Dipotassium," Electroenceph. Clin.Neurophysiol 1976: 587594.
  18. Smith, J.R. and Yeo, W.C., "Automatic Classification of the Cat's Vigilance State," Biology and Medicine 7 1977: 199207.
  19. Smith, J.R., Karacan, I, and Yang, M.,"Ontogeny of Delta Activity During Human Sleep," Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol 41 1976: 587594.
  20. Keane, B., Smith, J.R., and Webb, W.B., "Temporal Distribution and Ontogenetic Development of EEG Activity During Sleep," Psychophysiology 14 1977: 315321.
  21. Smith, J.R., Karacan, I., and Yang, M., "Automated Analysis of the Human Sleep EEG," Waking and Sleeping 2 1978: 7582.
  22. McPartland, R.J., Kupfer, D.J., and Smith, J.R., "ClinicalEngineering in Psychiatry: Automated Sleep EEG and EOG Analysis," Proceedings 6th Annual New England Bioengineering Conference Rhode Island, 1978.
  23. Ktonas, P.Y. and Smith, J.R., "Automatic REM Detection Modifications on an Existing System and Preliminary Normative Data," Int. J. Biomedical Computing 1978: 445464.
  24. Smith, J.R., "Computers in Sleep Research," Critical Reviews in Bioengineering 3 1978: 93148.
  25. Principe, J.E., Smith, J.R., Balakrishnan, S.K., and Paige, A., "Microcomputer Based Digital Filters for EEG Processing," IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 27 1979: 27, 697705.
  26. Smith, J.R. Karacan, I., and Yang, M., "Automated Measurement of Alpha, Beta, Sigma and Theta Burst Characteristics," Sleep, 1, 1979: 435443.
  27. Smith, J.R., Automated EEG Analysis with Microcomputers,"Invited Paper, Medical Instrumentation 14 1980: 319321.
  28. Robert Williams, Ismet Karacan, and Carolyn J. Hursch, Electroencephalography (EEG) of Human Sleep, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1974.
  29. Smith, J.R., "Computers in Human Sleep Research," a chapter in the book Psychophysiological Aspects of Sleep I. Karacan (Ed.), Noyes Medical Publications, New Jersey, 1981: 156163.
  30. Principe, J.C. and Smith, J.R., "Sleep Spindle Characteristics as a Function of Age", Sleep 1982: 57384.
  31. Smith, J.R. and Chen, K.L., "A HighPerformance Portable EEG Amplifier," Sleep 6 (1983): 286287.
  32. Smith, J.R., "Ultradian Rhythms in the Sleep EEG," a chapter in the book Biorhythms and Epilepsy A. Martins da Silva, C. Binnie and A. Meinardi (Eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.
  33. Smith, J.R., "Automated Analysis of Sleep EEG Data," chapter 4 in the Handbook of EEG and Clinical Neurophysiology Vol. 3:Computer analysis of the EEG and other neurophysiological signals (Ed. in Chief: A. Remond), Part B: Application in clinical neurophysiology (Eds. F.H. Lopes da Silva and W. Storm Van Leeuwen), Elsevier,Amsterdam, 1985, (an invited paper).
  34. Principe, J.C. and Smith, J.R., "The Design of and Implementation of Linear Phase FIR Filters in a Microcomputer System," IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Engr 1986: 550559.
  35. Shirakawa, S., Smith, J., and Azumi, K., "Filter Transient Response to EEG Waveforms," Intl. Journal of BioMedical Computing 20 1987: 8795.
  36. Johnson, A.S. and Smith, J.R., "A Method for Reducing the Noise Generated in Analog Recording or Digitizing of EEG Data," Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 64 1986: 375377.
  37. Principe, J.C. and Smith, J.R., "SAMICOS A Sleep Analyzer Microcomputer System," IEEE Trans.Bio-Med.Engr 1986: 935941.
  38. Smith, J.R. and Principe, J.C., "Computer Analysis of Human Sleep," Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation J.Webster (Ed.) Vol.4, J. Wiley, New York, 1988: 2632-2642.
  39. Shirakawa, S., Azumi, K., and Smith, J.R., Real Time Spindle Analyzer by Using Microcomputer," Japanese Journal of Electroencephalography and Electromyography Vol. 15 (4) 1987: 338-341. (In Japanese).
  40. McLochlin, C., Principe, J.C., Smith, J.R., "A Data Compression Algorithm for The Electroencephalogram", International Journal of Bio-medical Computing 22 1989: 83-95.
  41. Chang, T.G., Smith, J.R., Principe, J.C. "An Expert System for Multichannel Sleep EEG/EOG signal analysis." ISA Transactions 28 1989: 45-51.
  42. Smith, J.R. "Transferring EEG Polysomnography to the Home Environment," chapter in Medical Monitoring in the Home and Work Environment L. Miles and R. Broughton (eds), Raven Press, New York, 1990: 219-229.
  43. Smith, J.R., "Computer Aided Polysomnography" chapter in Sleep and Health Risk Elsevier, 1991.
  44. Chang, T.G., Smith, J.R., Principe, J.C. "A Knowledge-based System for the Automated On-Line Classification of EEG/EOG Signals." International Journal of Mini and Microcomputer Applications 10 1991: 54-65.
  45. Park, S., Principe, J.C., Smith, J.R., and Reid, S.A. "TDAT-Time Domain Analysis Tool for EEG Analysis" IEEE Trans Bio-Medical Engineering 37 1990: 803-812.
  46. Smith, J.R, de la Pena, Hamm, C., Pressman, M., Schubert, J., and Johnson, J., “COMPUTER-HUMAN SLEEP STAGE/EVENT SCORING AGREEMENT" Poster presented at the Annual Sleep Research Society Meeting, Orlando, FL, June 1999.
  47. Bonnet, M., D. Carley, M. Carskadon, P. Easton, C. Guilleminault, R. Harper, B. Hayes, M. Hirshkowitz, K. Periklis, S. Keenan, M. Pressman, T. Roehrs, J. Smith, J. Walsh, S. Weber, and P. Westbrook. 1992. EEG arousals: scoring rules and examples. A preliminary report from the Sleep Disorders Atlas Task Force of the American Sleep Disorders Association. Sleep 15: 173-184
 
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